Pablo Hoffman submitted this review of Mexican Paper Money, 2nd edition. Thank you! -Editor
MEXICAN PAPER MONEY, 2017 2nd Edition
edited by Corey Frampton, Duane Douglas, Alberto Hidalgo & Elmer Powell.
World Numismatics, LLC, PO Box 5270, Carefree, AZ 85377.
Available only as digital download from worldnumismatics.com. Price $35.
IBNS #224 (1960s) /#10676 (2012)
The human species enjoys peace, yet seems to irresistibly pursue conflict. We interminably wage invasion, war, and conquest through subjugation of
others. Those others, not unexpectedly, often resist. Such conflict has been a persistent, defining force in Mexico during its 10,000 years of
evolution. The wide horizons and profound resonances of Mexican paper money, just as any deep comprehension of the vast panorama of Mexican
history, cannot be grasped except against the backdrop of these dramatic and often violent events.
The Aztecs dominated their era, exacting tribute from their subjugated neighbors in material goods, slaves, and sacrificial human offerings to the
gods as inked in the ancient codices on amatl (paper made from the bark of the fig tree). The victory of
the conquistadores simply brought more of the same, summoning brutal dominance and new gods, substituting the fanatic dogma of
Spanish Catholicism and the Spanish Inquisition for the ancient Aztec deities. Three of the last five centuries of Mexico’s existence were under
the iron hand of Spanish colonial despotism. The indigenous people struggled for their independence against the stranglehold of their Iberian
overlords. Whether the slash of obsidian-blade macuahuitl cudgels wielded by Aztec warriors bedecked as eagles and jaguars, or the rumbling
of post-Conquest cannons pounding like hoofbeats of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, war, famine, death, and disease were frequent invaders into
nearly all the land.
Chaos was the color of the common man’s life. Normal distribution of money from the mints of the colonial masters through
intermediary channels such as banks, and on into the hands of the populace, was disrupted. Even in Mexico City, the very heart of the
empire, brigands and highwaymen so frequently robbed the transports carrying coinage that these transfers were discontinued or became sporadic to
many locations. Gresham’s Law ensured that much of the scant dole and dribble of prized silver or gold that did reach the people was hoarded,
squirreled away buried in earthen pots or sealed into adobe walls. Time went on, life went on, subjugation and resistance went
on. But always, even amid turmoil, daily needs went on. Hand-to-hand commerce continued. As ever, wages had to be received and
spent, services, food, and goods bought, rent and debts paid. Barter, the ancient mechanism of exchange, was too clumsy to sustain the complex web of
everyday transactions.
Little or none of the traditional Spanish colonial coinage of gold doblones and silver reales was available to
the public, so out of dire necessity the people did what they always do: they improvised. Defying vice-regal prohibitions, illegal vest-pocket and
back-room mints popped up. Chimneys erupted smoke, crucibles poured out liquid metal, anvils rang under hammer blows. Crude dies to cast or
stamp devices and denominations were painstakingly, clandestinely designed. People invented what they needed, and what they needed was money. If
it wasn’t as elegantly designed or finely produced as the old Spanish pillar dollars and pieces-of-eight, or the later republican
coinage, no matter. Employers and employees, ranchos and ranch-hands, businesses and clients, sellers and buyers, all made do
with the motley quasi-currency, and carried on. What they made do with was an unofficial medium of exchange consisting largely of a vast variety of
tokens, often in limited local circulation, usually coined in copper or bronze. People had no option but to accept them, calling
them pilones, tlacos, fichas, or fichas de hacienda. But a new problem quickly arose: they ran out of
copper. Again, they improvised. They manufactured the fichas out of other metals at hand; they melted down and alloyed brass,
iron, white metal, lead. When metal disappeared, they used wood, leather, bone, even glass, and then even the unthinkable: paper!
And here is where the curtain rises on the story of Mexican paper money. The earliest known emission of paper currency in Mexico was issued
in 1813, printed on heavy paper, in small fractional real notes, we are told in Mexican Paper Money. They were
from San Miguel el Grande, a municipality in the State of Guanajuato, then predominantly populated by the Chichimeca people. The town
was situated at the epicenter of the uprising against the Spanish. The struggle had already begun three years before; it consumed more than a
decade before the sneering gachupines fled, the shackles were broken, and freedom was won. The town is famously associated with a
major emblematic moment in Mexican history, el Grito de Dolores, the rhetorical ‘first shot’ of the Mexican War of
Independence, a call-to-arms by the charismatic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. September 16, 1810, is still memorialized annually
as Mexico’s Independence Day. In fact, the first town in Mexico to achieve freedom from the Spanish yoke was San Miguel el
Grande.
Exactly 100 years after the first war for independence, revolution erupted in 1910 and during the entire second decade of the 20th century
violence rampaged throughout the country. Not until mid-century did a well-organized and administered polity finally coalesce and function and
earn recognition as a modern nation-state. Every step of the way, paper money chronicled and depicted the events and people of the moment. From the
picturesque vignettes on the note issues of the 19th Century bancos, to the 20-plus ton Aztec Stone of the Sun, in an exquisitely
engraved image centered on the 1936 1-peso note, to Miguel Hidalgo in a dynamic gesture on a current 200-peso note commemorating the War of
Independence at its bicentennial, Mexico is outstanding in the ubiquitous use of its circulating paper currency as a medium to display its
history. The notes picture tribal rulers, indigenous, mestizo, and criollo leaders both men and women, battles, treaties, gems of
architecture and art, industries and occupations, cultural and historical artifacts, and much more.
There are examples from the most sophisticated security printers of the time, enhanced with vignettes, portraits and devices in deep
intaglio from engraved hard-steel plates. There are also delightfully crude cartones, some little more than diminutive scraps of
paper or cardboard, often produced with the most ad hoc improvisations under conditions of near-impossible hardship during battles, sieges, or simply
lack of appropriate material for the purpose. And yet, here they are, surviving to testify to the indomitable fortitude of Mexico and the will
of its people.
These spacious dimensions of the entire saga of Mexico are displayed in the sweeping iconographic panorama of its paper money. The details are the
focus of this second edition, aided and abetted by more than forty contributors. This book has been previously reviewed in glowing terms by
knowledgeable numismatists, and deservedly so. Its content, structure, scope, and numbering protocol have been perused and
analyzed and amply commented on by other reviewers.
We see notes of the early eras, of the empires, and of the republican periods. There are sections segregated by states and municipalities, the
bancos, the military, private issues, pre-Revolution, Revolution, and post-Revolution, ending in the 1970s with the American Bank Note Company issues
of the modern Banco de Mexico. This second edition is encyclopedic in coverage of types and yet goes deep in detailing varieties. Building on
the printed 2010 first edition, categories are amplified, date and series tables are extended. Prices are adjusted, generally upward, sometimes
radically so. New discoveries are added to this kaleidoscope of paper money and each is a new thrill for the enthusiast. This
2nd edition is the indispensable reference work on the subject.
For more information, or to order, see:
Mexican Paper Money 2017 Book
(https://worldnumismatics.com/product/mexican-paper-money-2017-book/)
To read the earlier E-Sylum article, see:
NEW BOOK: MEXICAN PAPER MONEY 2017 EDITION
(http://www.coinbooks.org/v20/esylum_v20n51a03.html)
Wayne Homren, Editor
The Numismatic Bibliomania Society is a non-profit organization
promoting numismatic literature. See our web site at coinbooks.org.
To submit items for publication in The E-Sylum, write to the Editor
at this address: whomren@gmail.com
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