Dick Johnson submitted this entry from his Encyclopedia of Coin and Medal Terminology. Thanks. -Editor
Allegory and Personification A design employing symbolism to express a metaphor in sculptural or medallic form. Allegory is employed in
most every coin and medal design – other than portraits or realistic scenes (actual people, places, things) – thus its importance to numismatics cannot be overstated. Such design
metaphors, coats of arms, national symbols, shields, mythical creatures, deities, trademarks, seals and symbols are all allegorical expressions appearing on numismatic or medallic
items; but every nonexistent thing, as the device of a seated Liberty or standing figure, is an expression of allegory representing some concept the artist wishes to convey to the
viewer.
Ideas, abstract concepts, things both animate and inanimate, can be expressed in art. When expressed as a person (or with human traits) this is
personification; when shown by representative forms, this is allegory. (When shown by sample or example, this is exemplification.)
Allegory is the expression of the cornucopia for Abundance, the plow for Agriculture, the masks for Drama, the hand torch for Olympics, the capsule for Space Exploration.
Personification of music, for example, is the kneeling female playing a lyre on the reverse of the 1936 Cincinnati commemorative half dollar.
Allegory was the invention of the Greeks when they began to interpret ancient mythological figures (as certain universal or philosophical truths). Even Christian monotheism
accepted personification of these mythical deities, but it was the growth of novel entities and symbols in the middle ages that lead to the widespread use of allegory in European
literature, philosophy and art. Over the years the use of design metaphors have greatly increased and are now universal. The use of allegory in numismatics began with the earliest
coins and continue to the present.
In designing coins and medals the designer is seeking a visual substitute for the concept he wishes to present. It is the responsibility of the designer that his
choice of allegorical design should be appropriate and convey the symbolism accurately to the viewer, in addition to being attractive and proper for the medallic medium. The
allegory should be understandable by a reasonably intelligent person and not be so mysterious, abstruse or occult that it is inexplicable.
The designer has a small canvas to prepare his or her numismatic or medallic design, but successful artists have expressed vast concepts in this small space. For a designer to
prepare an exceptional bas-relief design he should eliminate all unnecessary detail, choose a device, allegory or symbolism of the concept he is trying to convey, then execute the
design with style, verve and authority.
The designer should recognize several pitfalls in creating a coin or medal design. He should avoid design clichés much as a writer abhors trite and hackneyed
phrases in writing. The designer should study the heritage of coins and medals and not continually repeat what has been done before. The designer should innovate. Also the
designer should not oversimplify. An example of this was the personification of two youthful runners on the 1984 ten dollar gold Olympic coins. The mediocre design
was termed "Dick and Jane" by a critical public.
The numismatist's responsibility – particularly when cataloging each piece for permanent record – is to recognize the allegory and explain it when it is not obvious. What,
the numismatic researcher or cataloger must ask and answer, was the symbolism the artist, engraver or medallist trying to tell the viewer?
The greatest numismatic and medallic designs in history were those in which the artist completely understood the use of allegory and personification and utilized these concepts
most artistically in his bas-relief works. See also design, symbols and symbolism.
References:
A30 {1971} Vermeule.
Image from NGC Coin Explorer:
SILVER COMMEMORATIVES 1936 D CINCINNATI 50C MS
(https://www.ngccoin.com/coin-explorer/silver-commemoratives-pscid-71/1936-d-cincinnati-50c-ms-coinid-19284)
Book lovers should be word lovers as well.
Looking for the meaning of a numismatic word, or the description of a term? Try the Newman Numismatic Portal's Numismatic Dictionary at: https://nnp.wustl.edu/library/dictionary
Or if you would like a printed copy of the complete Encyclopedia, it is available. There are 1,854 terms, on 678 pages, in The Encyclopedia of Coin and Medal
Technology. Even running two a week would require more than 19 years to publish them all. If you would like an advance draft of this vital reference work it may be obtained
from the author for your check of $50 sent postpaid. Dick Johnson, 139 Thompson Drive, Torrington, CT 06790.
Wayne Homren, Editor
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